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Natural gas from the Marcellus Shale is a potentially vast energy resource and there are many reasons for tapping the natural gas in the shale. The supply of natural gas in the United States is more reliable than imported fossil fuels and the delivery system is less subject to interruption. Natural gas has a high energy content (about 30 kJ/m3 [1000 Btu/ft3]). It is efficient and clean burning, emitting approximately half the carbon dioxide (CO2) than that emitted by coal burning, as well as lower levels of sulfur dioxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), and mercury (Hg).
The main concern during the acquisition and processing of natural gas from the Marcellus Shale is safety-the need to protect human life-and also protect the processing plant, property and equipment against fire or explosion.
Natural gas is transmitted via pipelines to a midstream compression station, then onto a processing plant. The station may contain two to four compressors, which cool the natural gas and compress it so that pressure is high enough to move the gas through the pipelines to the processing plant. These processes can cause extreme heat and vibration within the station and over time these factors can lead to methane gas leaks, especially around flanges and seals.
Since methane (CH4) is a major component of natural gas, any leakage-especially in the confinement of a compression station-can lead to fire and explosion. Early detection of methane gas leaks in compression stations is crucial in mitigating this risk.
To safeguard these facilities then, every natural gas processing plant must have a reliable system for warning of elevated methane levels or other hazardous conditions within these compression stations.
To monitor for a range of combustible gases, including methane, choose a monitor that utilizes infrared (IR) sensing. IR sensors are ideal for monitoring toxic and combustible gasses. They can be made specific to a particular gas, they require less calibration than other sensors, there is no contact with the gas, no minimum level of oxygen is necessary, and they are relatively maintenance free.
We recommend installation of an explosion-proof "smart" methane gas detector that can be connected to the existing PLC, DCS or EMS system. Be certain the methane/combustible gas monitor provides a local display also and is designed for use in hazardous or classified locations, with an industry standard 4-20 mA analog output signal, and a simplified calibration procedure to enable quick, nonintrusive, adjustment-free calibration.
The lower explosive limit (LEL) of a gas is the concentration needed for the gas to ignite and explode. Concentrations lower than LEL are "too lean" to burn. oil sludge treatment decanter centrifuge has a LEL of 4.4% (at 138C) by volume, meaning 4.4% of the total volume of the air consists of methane. At 20C the LEL is 5.1 % by volume. If the atmosphere has less that 5.1% methane, an explosion cannot occur even if a source of ignition is present. When sludge decanter centrifuge reaches 5.1% an explosion can occur if there is an ignition source. Keeping this in mind, then, be sure the monitor has a 0-100% LEL detection range and takes into account temperature and pressure.
Choose a methane/combustible gas monitor with an industry standard 4-20 mA analog output signal that can be connected to any existing PLC, DCS, or EMS system. The monitor should also feature a simplified calibration procedure to enable quick, non-intrusive, adjustment free calibration.
In choosing a gas detection/monitoring partner, it is very important to choose a local vendor who can provide quick response and turnaround. Installation time and costs can be significantly reduced if all monitors are shipped factory preprogrammed, calibrated, and tested on the day of shipment. Installation costs are also reduced significantly when the units can optionally be connected on a single 4-conductor cable via RS-485 instead of having to route individual cables to each unit.

It seems that almost daily we hear reports on Utica or Marcellus Shale in the paper or on the news. There is Algae separation Centrifuge for all the hype! Utica Shale alone has an estimated worth in the billions of dollars, much of which will go to landowners in Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York and West Virginia. According to the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency, Ohio will likely see an increase in drilling, due to the simple fact that the state sits over the Utica Shale formation, which experts predict holds large natural gas reserves.
Energy companies have taken great interest in the potential supply of natural gas trapped in the shale, and are competing to secure mineral rights and leases in order to harvest the gas. These companies are now engaged in purchasing and leasing land so that they can capitalize on this incredible natural resource.
The buying and leasing frenzy currently taking place in the shale areas has positively affected nearby real estate markets. This is good news for property owners who experienced the difficulties of the recent recession. One region reaping the benefits is the Northeast Ohio/Cleveland area. The Northeast Ohio and Cleveland commercial real estate market has begun to see an upswing in leasing and purchasing due to the Marcellus Shale development, despite being located several counties away from the bulk of Marcellus related activity. Cleveland's commercial properties and industrial buildings and have seen three straight quarters of positive absorption. More space is being leased/bought than vacated. Rents in Northeast Ohio have also stabilized, and in some sub markets, rents are even on the increase. https://www.zkcentrifuge.com/fermentation/ is also improving, having reached its bottom at the end of 2010. Although vacancy is declining slowly, the most recent quarter saw a revival of investment sales. Real estate absorption is expected to increase as development continues in the Utica and Marcellus shale regions, with energy companies seeking warehouse and office space located nearby their drilling sites.
Although the direct economic benefits to the Utica and Marcellus shale regions will consist primarily of royalties and lease payments, the development of these areas will have a positive impact on the local and national economies. centrifuge for sludge dewatering will benefit as companies seek out office space for their employees, industrial facilities and warehouse space for storage, and land sites for drilling. Northeast Ohio, and the Cleveland area in particular, located near the heart of both Marcellus and Utica Shale activity, stands to benefit greatly as energy companies move into the area.

Climate change forces us to overhaul the way we lead our lives and our fragile relationship with our world. Greenhouse gases from too much carbon emissions constrain environmentalists and legislators to look for alternatives to meet the growing energy needs while limiting damage to the ozone layer.
Sulfur Foam Treatment Centrifuge is the reason why natural gas extraction is slowly emerging as the future of sustainable and renewable energy source, getting the nod of green advocates and oil and other minerals industry experts alike because, compared to coal-fired energy sources, natural gas cuts carbon footprints by as much as 80 percent in optimum conditions. Not to mention its versatile nature: did you know for example that natural gas can be harnessed to generate electricity, cook food, and even power up cars?
In the U.S., the oil and gas industry of Texas remains to be one of the biggest. In fact, the state is being listed as one of the major plays, along with Oklahoma, Arkansas, Mississippi, New Mexico, West Virginia, Kentucky, New York Pennsylvania, and Tennessee. By the way, a "play" in oil and other minerals industry parlance is defined simply as a geographic location with potential reserves.
Texas, it turns out, happens to be covered with shallow seas 65 million years ago, forging a sedimentary rock with very high organic content that are cooked and pressurized by intense heat to produce oil and gas. The resulting chemical formation that produces Texas oil and gas is known as the Eagle Ford shale. But shales have several types as well:
Marcellus shale
This is named due to its proximity in the village of Marcellus in New York. Although still largely untapped, companies recognize its potential particularly its nearness to energy cities in the East Coast. Sedimentation in this case occurred around 400 million years ago.
Haynesville Shale
These rock formations can be found in East Texas and northwest Louisiana. It has a very high absorptive capacity compared to other shales. Geologists believe the deposits started during the Upper Jurassic age around 170 million years ago.
Fayetteville Shale
This sedimentary deposit is spread across north and central Arkansas, with shales buried more than 6,000 feet deep. It is believed to originate some 300 million years ago.
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Considered to have one of the biggest oil reserves in the United States, it stretches to 6,000 square miles covering 17 counties in Texas. The geological formations trace back 300 million years back during the Mississippian age.

STRATEGIC INTERESTS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION MANDATE DRILLING FOR SHALE GAS
The Preamble to the Treaty on European Union (TEU) reads "determined to promote economic and social progress for their peoples, taking into account the principles of sustainable development and within the context of the accomplishment of the internal market and of reinforced cohesion and environmental protection."
Article 3 Title 1 TEU reads: "The Union shall establish an internal market. It shall work for the sustainable development of Europe based on balanced economic growth and price stability, a highly competitive social market economy, aiming at full employment and social progress, and a high level of the quality of the environment. It shall promote scientific and technological advance."
Vast amount of natural gas has been discovered in Europe in shale rock and it is believed there may be around 200 to 300 trillion cubic feet in Europe. Advancement in technology now enables us to extract shale gas at a reasonable price. Nations are heavily relying on natural gas due to environmental concerns because natural gas has approximately half the carbon dioxide that coal has. However Russia, Iran, Venezuela and other nations are forming cartels similar to OPEC in the natural gas area.
Using natural gas and gas from shale will afford us the opportunity to pour additional funds in research and development of alternative fuels, such as green power, fuel from algae etc. Costs for the Haynesville shale extending from Texas into Louisiana dropped from the $5 or more in the Barnett shale in 1990's to $3 per million BTU. These prices shall drop further with increase in shale drilling.
There is the potential for fluid seeping into aquifers in the event well casings fail even though shale is found thousands of feet below the water table. Regulations and strict regulatory enforcement regimes will elevate this problem. Shale gas shall create competition helping to ensure sustainable development of the member Nations and prevent those who use natural gas and fossil fuels from exploiting the peoples. Prior to shale being discovered it was believed that liquefied natural gas shall makeup 50% of the gas trade by 2025 but with shale this shall be about 30%.
With Shale Gas Member States will not have to rely on natural gas from Russia and Qatar, Iran etc. wastewater centrifuge shall in turn be a financial blow to these nations and shall prevent them from exploiting their beliefs as well as agendas through energy - related deals as well as threats of cut off. The Russian action to cutting of fuel to Kiev and Western Europe shifted Ukraine's internal politics resulting in Ukraine having an anti-NATO Pro-Moscow regime.
Poland, Romania, Sweden, Austria, Germany and Ukraine do all have shale gas. Food centrifuge is essential to develop those to avoid another Ukraine-Russia type of incident. If the European Union were to emphasize shale gas production it shall be providing substantial addition to sanctions against Iran because Europe will not need oil from Iran.
Title V Chapter 2 Section 1 Article 26 states "the European Council shall identify the Union's strategic interests, determine the objectives of and define general guidelines for the common for the common foreign and security policy, including for matters with defense implications. It shall adopt the necessary decisions."
Iran is trying to be a nuclear power and the strategic interests of the Union require less dependence on Iranian oil for sanctions to be effective. Likewise, strategic interests of the Union require less dependence on Russian natural gas. Shale gas should be drilled.

The Haynesville Shale is an informal name for a rock formation that underlies large parts of southwest Arkansas, northwest Louisiana, and east Texas. It is part of a large rock formation known as the Haynesville Formation. The Haynesville Shale underlies an area of about 9,000 square miles and averages about 200 to 300 feet thick. It contains vast quantities of recoverable natural gas, often referred to as "shale gas." Haynesville Shale is an important shale gas resource in East Texas and Louisiana. It has recently been estimated to be the largest natural gas field in the contiguous 48 states with an estimated 250 trillion cubic feet of recoverable gas. It came into prominence in 2008 as a potential major shale gas resource. Though it was known to contain large quantities of natural gas prior to 2008, it was uneconomic to extract the natural gas at that time. However, as a result of rising gas prices and improved technology, i.e., hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling, it has become possible to extract gas from the Haynesville Shale in a cost-effective manner.
Hydraulic fracturing, commonly referred to as "fracing" or "fracking," is the now widely publicized process whereby natural gas and oil producers are able to recover natural gas and oil from deep shale formations. It typically involves millions of gallons of fluid that are pumped into an oil or gas well at high pressure to create fractures in the rock formation that allow oil or gas to flow from the fractures to the wellbore. Fracturing fluid is roughly 99% water but also contains numerous chemical additives as well as "propping" agents, such as sands, that are used to keep fractures open once they are produced under pressure. The chemicals added to fracturing fluid include substances referred to as friction reducers, surfactants, gelling agents, scale inhibitors, acids, corrosion inhibitors, antibacterial agents, and clay stabilizers. Depending on the site, 15-80% of the fracturing fluid injected is recovered as "flowback" water at the well head. In addition, a considerable amount of water that comes to the surface, often called "produced" water, over the lifetime of the well is highly saline water that originates deep underground in the shale formation.
Although significant risks are commonly associated with hydraulic fracturing, the process has substantially increased the extraction of natural gas from unconventional sources. The Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission (IOGCC) estimates that hydraulic fracturing is used to stimulate production in 90% of domestic oil and gas wells, though shale and other unconventional gas recovery utilizes hydraulic fracturing to a much greater extent than conventional gas development does. Furthermore, horizontal wells, which may extend two miles from the well pad, are estimated to be 2-3 times more productive than conventional vertical wells, and see an even greater increase in production from hydraulic fracturing. The alternative to hydraulic fracturing is to drill more vertical wells in an area, a solution that is often economically or geographically prohibitive. Nevertheless, despite https://www.zkcentrifuge.com/product/water-based-mud-treatment/ , the sudden increase in the utilization of hydraulic fracturing is beginning to face intense scrutiny from state and federal lawmakers, environmental agencies, and public interest groups. This scrutiny has led to multiple sources of litigation throughout areas near the Haynesville and Marcellus shale formations.
The most widely publicized potential litigation associated with hydraulic fracturing is that of contamination to local drinking water sources. Approximately 44 million Americans rely on private water supplies for household and agricultural use, typically sourced from shallow aquifers. In areas of extensive shale gas drilling, some homeowners have claimed that hydraulic fracturing has contaminated their drinking-water wells with methane and waste waters. Shale gas is typically comprised of over 90% methane. The migration of methane gas to nearby private drinking water wells is a concern with hydraulic fracturing and natural gas in general. In Susquehanna, Pennsylvania, for example, a group of residents recently brought an action against a Texas company conducting hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling near their property along the Marcellus Shale. According to their complaint, pollutants and other industrial waste, including fracturing fluid and other hazardous chemicals, were negligently discharged into the ground as a result of insufficient casings on one or more of the wells, resulting in contamination of the local water supply. Though the court has yet to issue a ruling directly on liability, the case demonstrates water contamination as a clear potential source of litigation.
The risks of water contamination have also led to a clash between oil and natural gas companies and state and federal regulators regarding public disclosure of the chemicals and additives found in fracturing fluid. This has catalyzed a second related potential source of litigation concerning the applicability of trade secret protection. On June 23, 2001, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced seven case studies to help inform the assessment of potential impacts of hydraulic fracturing on drinking water resources. Two of the case study sites are in Louisiana and Texas. In the Haynesville Shale area, the EPA plans to monitor the hydraulic fracturing process before construction and throughout the process of drilling in order to assess existing sites for possible drinking water contamination and attempt to determine possible pathways for contamination to reach water resources. It should be noted that before this study, drinking water aquifers in cases like the one mentioned above, from Susquehanna, Pennsylvania, were not tested for contamination prior to hydraulic fracturing taking place near the aquifer.
This study coincides with regulations recently passed in Texas and Louisiana under which companies performing hydraulic fracturing must report to state agencies and/or publicly accessible registries the composition and volumes of fracturing fluid. Louisiana regulations, officially adopted on October 20, 2011, require companies to report a list of chemical ingredients contained in hydraulic fracturing fluid, unless the specific identity of a chemical ingredient is determined to be entitled to protection as a trade secret under Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) standards. This regulatory scheme only requires disclosure of fracturing fluid composition after its initial use. This could become a source of litigation expense for oil and natural gas companies operating in the Haynesville Shale region. As it currently reads, the recently promulgated regulations invite litigation over the classification of fracturing fluid components as chemical ingredients entitled to trade secret protection under Title 29 Section 1910.1200(i) of the Code of Federal Regulations.
Lastly, a third and arguably the most pervasive source of litigation associated with the sudden increase in the utilization of hydraulic fracturing throughout the Haynesville Shale concerns the sustainability of aquifers in the region. As noted above, the fracturing process involves pumping millions of gallons of water into a well. Despite drawing unprecedented amounts of natural gas to the surface, withdrawing millions of gallons of groundwater out of aquifers for each of several hundred, and eventually several thousand, natural gas wells located in a handful of parishes in northwestern Louisiana has allegedly put a worrisome strain on the aquifers in the region. Many of the groundwater aquifers in the Haynesville Shale area, especially those surrounding Shreveport, the largest city in the region and the hub of oil and gas activity, have been facing uncertain or decreasing water levels for years. From the moment the first few wells were drilled, various parties in Louisiana began to anticipate the inevitable clash between the enormous water use requirements of fracturing operations and the communities relying on the already fragile aquifers. Unlike https://www.zkcentrifuge.com/product/ship-hatch-sludge-treatment/ of litigation, however, the sustainability of aquifers in the regions surrounding hydraulic fracturing is an issue without significant legal precedent. Thus, the costs of potential litigation become difficult to ascertain.
It is important to note that the above mentioned potential sources of litigation are by no means exhaustive. They simply represent some of the key issues surrounding hydraulic fracturing that have risen to the forefront of the debate surrounding the potential costs and benefits of an increasingly publicized and ever-growing source of energy production throughout the United States. When you consider the potential of such enormous yields of oil and natural gas from the Haynesville Shale, these issues become glaringly prevalent. As such, they provide a window into the future for not only oil and natural gas companies within the region, but their defense counsel as well.

In Part One of this series we talked about some of the positive aspects of the Barnett Shale, what it's done for the economy of North Texas and the reasons it has become profitable to produce oil and gas from the vast deposits stretching across much of North Texas. But not all is well and good in the Shale and some of our more unfortunate neighbors, so-called Citizens of the Shale, have become something more akin to Slaves of the Shale. Take for instance the citizens of DISH, TX, that famous little North Texas town whose citizens changed its name to DISH with the promise that the entire population would receive DISH Network satellite broadcast for free and for life. By the way, the caps aren't mine, that was part of the deal.
DISH, TX, a map dot in Denton County just north of Fort Worth with an estimated population of 181, symbolizes all that has gone wrong in the Barnett Shale as a result of the unbridled greed of the oil companies as well as the landowners alike. Yes, those two parties are both to blame for different reasons, yet the real culprit here is government generally and the Texas Railroad Commission and the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality specifically. Rather than simply upholding the law to further the well-being of the citizens these politicians were elected to protect, our governmental bodies have chosen to turn a blind eye to the travesty being committed in some areas of the Barnett Shale. One need merely to Google DISH, TX to read a plethora of articles regarding the air quality there as a result of benzene and other emissions from gas well drilling in the area, as well as across much of the 6,000 square mile Barnett Shale.
However, gas drilling itself is a minor problem in DISH. The real problem stems from the large number of compressor stations that have been constructed in there. As it turns out, the town has become a crossroads so to speak for a huge number of pipelines constructed for the transmission of natural gas, gas produced not only from wells around DISH, but from wells all over northern Denton and Tarrant counties. And there is not just a couple of compressors at work here, we are talking about 10 or more at last count. Atmos Energy bought land, got a permit for a compressor and then "subdivided" the land. They subsequently sold it to other producers who obtained separate permits. The permits state w=what kind and how much of a particular chemical a compressor will emit with a limit on those emissions set by none other than the EPA. The entire compressor site should have been viewed as one site, with one permit allowing that one set limit. It should be easy to see the cumulative principle in effect here. The sad part is that the TRC and TCEQ, the supposed watchdogs for the citizens, have knowingly allowed this to happen without batting an eye. Livestock and trees are dying as a result. Many of the citizens have fallen victim to neurological disorders linked to chemicals known to be in high concentration in the area. One family in particular were forced to move away due to health problems, problems that are slowly clearing up after the move. Yet the state has turned a blind eye.
In the end, regardless of the booming economy in North Texas, there are still many who have lost jobs. It's easy to understand the motivation behind what is known as "mailbox money", the checks mailed from oil companies as royalties and bonus money. Is your health, the health of your loved ones and neighbors worth it? Think about that when Food treatment centrifuge comes knocking at your door.

Ever hear of the Barnett Shale? No? Then you must not be from North Texas and you must not work in the oil field. The Barnett Shale is an enormous geological formation of natural gas source bedrock in what is known as the Bend Arch-Fort Worth Basin, consisting mainly of sedimentary rock from the Mississippian age, formed some 354 million-odd years ago. It covers much of North Central Texas, underlies the entire city of Fort Worth and stretches into at least 21 counties. This huge gas field play is still actively being discovered and is a huge boon to the local economies in this region. North Central Texas has been virtually untouched by the nationwide recession as a result. This 6,000-plus square mile natural gas reservoir is estimated to be the second largest producing inland natural gas field in the United States, second only to the San Juan Basin that covers much of Colorado and New Mexico.
An interesting detail of the Barnett Shale is that the gas is contained in extremely hard rock (shale) and until very recent advances in hydraulic fracturing technology the gas was nearly impossible to extract in any commercially viable quantities. solid liquid separation by centrifugation in technology in conjunction with advanced horizontal drilling techniques, not to mention an up-tick in natural gas prices, are the driving factors behind the seemingly endless exploration all across North Texas. Oil has also been discovered in some of the far northern counties of the formation, albeit in small quantities. yet record high oil prices coupled with declining world-wide oil reserves have also made the production of oil from the Barnett Shale a commercially viable endeavor.
Despite all the wonderful economic benefits that North Texans are enjoying as a result of this unprecedented and unbridled search for natural gas, the Barnett Shale does have a dark side. We will have a more in-depth look at why in Part Two of Life in the Barnett Shale.